In 1908, three Philadelphia researchers, in a stunning display of callousness, treated dozens of innocent children as mere lab rats. These children, already marginalized by society, were subjected to an experiment with tuberculin.
The Experiment & Researchers: In 1908, three Philadelphia doctors—Dr. Samuel McClintock Hamill, Dr. Howard Childs Carpenter, and Dr. Thomas A. Cope—conducted a diagnostic comparison study involving tuberculin.
The Location & Subjects: The researchers used 160 children under the age of eight, 134 of whom were residents at St. Vincent’s Home, a Catholic orphanage and foundling asylum in Philadelphia.
Dripping Tuberculin in Eyes: The researchers tested Calmette’s conjunctival test, which involved dripping purified tuberculin (a protein extract from tuberculosis bacteria) directly into the children’s eyes to observe reaction severity.
Dehumanizing Language ("Material Used"): When the researchers published their findings in the 1908 Archives of Internal Medicine, they categorized the orphaned children under the section title "Material Used".
Severe Physical Harm: The eye drop test caused severe reactions, including agonizing inflammation, painful eye lesions, corneal ulcers, and in documented cases, permanent visual impairment or blindness.
Lack of Consent: Neither the children nor any family representatives gave informed consent. Using institutionalized orphans as control groups was common practice among researchers of that era, as they were viewed as easy-to-monitor subjects.
Zero Legal Retribution: None of the three doctors faced criminal charges, legal consequences, or medical board suspensions. In fact, Dr. Hamill later became a prominent leader in national child health organizations.
The Lead Doctor Became a National Child Health Hero
The lead researcher, Dr. Samuel McClintock Hamill, went on to have a decorated career in public health. In 1930, President Herbert Hoover appointed Hamill as the Head of the Medical Section for the White House Conference on Child Health and Protection.